What is PECS: The Picture Exchange Communication System?

Want to know what the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) is? Well, in this guide, we’ll cover everything you need to know about how it works, why it’s used, and how it can help autistic children and those with autism spectrum disorders communicate more effectively.

What is PECS?

PECS is a type of alternative communication system that helps children who have difficulty speaking or forming words. Developed by Andy Bondy and Lori Frost, it’s designed to support autistic children and those on the autism spectrum by using pecs communication cards to communicate.

The child learns to exchange pictures to request items, answer questions, and even make comments about their surroundings. This method not only helps them express their needs but also builds confidence and reduces frustration, making everyday interactions smoother and more positive.

The Six Steps of PECS

The Picture Exchange Communication System is broken down into six key steps that guide children from basic exchanges to more complex communication.

Step	Description
Step 1: Basic Exchange	The child learns to hand a PEC card to a communication partner in exchange for a desired item or action. This basic exchange forms the foundation of the system.
Step 2: Increasing Persistence and Distance	The child is encouraged to be a more persistent communicator by moving further distances to deliver their PEC cards, ensuring they can communicate even if the person is not right next to them.
Step 3: Picture Discrimination	The child learns to choose between two or more pictures to identify what they want, helping them understand the link between symbols and their meanings.
Step 4: Constructing Simple Sentences	Using a detachable sentence strip, children begin to form simple sentences like “I want [item]”, which allows them to communicate in more detailed ways.
Step 5: Answering Questions	The child learns to answer questions such as “What do you want?” using their picture cards, which develops their ability to respond to others.
Step 6: Commenting	In this final step, children use picture cards to comment on their surroundings, such as “I see [item]”, making their communication more interactive and socially engaging.

How PECS Helps with Communication

The main goal of PECS is to teach functional communication, which is all about using communication with a purpose, whether it’s to make a request, answer a question, or share an observation.

By using picture cards, children can express their needs and wants clearly, which reduces frustration and can lead to more positive interactions with those around them.

Over time, PECS helps children become more persistent communicators, empowering them to connect with the people in their lives in a meaningful way.

How to Get Started with PECS

For parents, teachers, and other professionals, getting started with PECS involves a few key steps. It’s important to work with a speech and language therapist who is trained in PECS to guide you through the process and ensure it’s implemented correctly.

They can provide valuable advice on creating the right environment for your child to succeed with PECS.

1. Consult a Professional: Start by consulting a speech and language therapist who is experienced with PECS. They can assess your child’s needs and help tailor the approach to suit them best.
2. Gather Resources: You’ll need a variety of PEC cards and a PECS book to keep them organised. There are many free resources online, including templates for cards and step-by-step guides on setting up a PECS programme.
3. Set Up a PECS Book: A PECS book helps keep all the picture cards your child uses in one place. This makes it easier for them to find the right cards when they need to communicate.
4. Start Small and Build Up: Begin with motivating items that your child is interested in. This will make the initial exchanges more engaging for them. As your child becomes more comfortable with the process, gradually introduce more cards and move on to the next steps.

Tips for Using the PECS System

To get the best results with PECS, keep things patient, consistent, and flexible as your child learns. Here are some tips to help you along the way:

1. Be Consistent

Consistency is key when using PECS. Integrate it into your child’s daily routine so they have frequent opportunities to practise. Use PECS in various situations, such as when they ask for a snack, choose a toy, or request an activity.

The more consistently you use the cards, the stronger the connection between the pictures and the actions will become. Regular use helps your child understand that they can rely on these cards to communicate effectively in many different scenarios.

2. Encourage Motivation

Choose items and activities that your child is naturally excited about to keep them motivated to use the cards. Start with their favourite toys, snacks, or activities. For example, if your child loves playing with blocks, use a picture of blocks when they want to play.

When they realise that using the card results in getting something they want, they will be more likely to use PECS voluntarily. Keep the interactions positive, and praise them for their efforts to build their confidence and make communication rewarding.

3. Celebrate Successes

Celebrate each small success to encourage your child to keep using PECS. Whenever they correctly use a picture card to communicate, acknowledge their effort with praise or a small reward.

Simple phrases like, “Well done for asking for the ball!” or a big smile can make a huge difference. Celebrating these moments makes the experience enjoyable for your child and reinforces the habit of using the cards to express themselves.

4. Expand Vocabulary

As your child becomes comfortable with the basics, gradually introduce new picture cards to expand their vocabulary. Include cards for items they frequently encounter, such as foods, toys, places, and daily activities.

For example, if your child often goes to the park, you could add pictures for the swings or slide. Expanding their vocabulary with relevant words helps them learn to express a wider range of needs and thoughts, making their communication more effective and tailored to their everyday experiences.

5. Use a Detachable Sentence Strip

Introduce a detachable sentence strip as your child progresses. This tool helps them construct simple sentences, such as “I want [item],” which allows them to communicate more complex ideas than single-word requests.

For instance, your child can use the sentence strip to say, “I want juice,” instead of just showing a picture of juice. Using the sentence strip supports language development by teaching them how to put words together in a meaningful way, enhancing their ability to express themselves clearly.

6. Involve Others

Ensure that everyone who interacts with your child, including teachers, caregivers, and family members, understands how to use PECS and follows the same approach. Consistent use across all settings, such as home, school, and during playdates, reinforces what your child is learning.

For example, if your child uses PECS at home to ask for help, they should be able to use the same system at school when they need assistance. Involving others in the PECS process ensures your child receives consistent support, making it easier for them to generalise and strengthen their communication skills.

Overall

The Picture Exchange Communication System is a valuable tool for supporting autistic children and others with communication difficulties. By using picture cards, children learn to express themselves in a clear and effective way.

If you’re considering PECS for your child, it’s a proven method that has helped many families improve communication and quality of life. With time, patience, and the right resources, PECS can make a big difference in how your child connects with the world around them.

Remember, every child is different, and progress may vary. Stay patient and keep celebrating each step forward, no matter how small. The goal is to give your child a way to express themselves and connect with others, making everyday life a little easier and more joyful for everyone involved.

FAQs

What are PECS cards?

PECS cards are picture cards that help children, especially those with autism or speech difficulties, communicate by exchanging images for their needs or wants.

How do you use PECS cards?

PECS cards are used by teaching the child to exchange a picture for a desired item or action. Start with simple requests and gradually introduce more complex communication, like forming sentences.

How can I make my own PECS cards?

You can make PECS cards at home using paper or card stock. Print or draw pictures of common items, laminate them for durability, and use Velcro if needed.

Where can I buy PECS cards?

You can buy PECS cards on Amazon, eBay, Shein, and even Temu. They are available in pre-made sets with different themes, making it easy to find cards that suit your needs.

How do I make PECS cards at home?

Print images of items your child uses, cut them into small cards, and laminate them. You can also use software like Canva for customised cards.

What are PECS cards used for?

PECS cards are used to help individuals with communication challenges express needs, make requests, and share thoughts through pictures rather than words.

How effective is the PECS system for autistic children?

PECS is effective for many autistic children, as it provides a visual way to communicate, reducing frustration and improving interactions. It can also help develop speech skills.

At what age can you start using PECS?

PECS can be introduced as early as age two, depending on the child’s readiness and interest in communication. Consult a speech therapist for guidance.

Do you need special training to use PECS?

You do not need special training, but consulting with a speech therapist or attending a PECS workshop can help you use the system more effectively.